Books
I've written or co-written eleven books, some of which have appeared in several languages. The majority are about the maths of everyday life, but I've also written books on cricket, memory and creative thinking.
Maths
I am Director of Maths Inspiration, a national programme of interactive lecture shows in theatres that has reached over 100,000 teenagers in the last ten years. I'm closely involved with the UK maths community, from primary schools to universities.
Talks & Radio
I give talks to adults, teenagers and children that range from small interactive workshops to keynote lectures in front of several hundred. I've also done lots of radio, including BBC Radio 4, 5Live, Radio 3 and 2, but not 1 or 6...yet.
Recent Blogs
The history of the six yard box
How football solved a 'locus' problem
16 February 2020
Here's a rather dry exam question:
"Two vertical poles are 8 metres apart. Draw the locus of points that are within 6 metres of the nearest pole."
We'll come back to this question later.
First - some football history.
Everyone knows what the penalty area looks like on a football pitch: it's a large rectangle (known as the 18 yard box). If anyone in the attacking team is fouled in the area, they are awarded a penalty which is taken from a spot that is 12 yards from the goal line.
There's another, smaller, rectangle too: the six yard box, whose main function is to limit where the goalkeeper can place the ball when taking a goal kick.
You've probably never given any thought to how the penalty area came about, but it's natural to suppose that the inventors of the laws of football just sat down one day and said: "let's have a penalty area, and make it like this".
But that's not the case. As with every other sport, the modern pitch markings evolved.
Invention of the penalty area
Football as we would vaguely recognise it began in the 1870s, but it wasn't until 1891 that the idea of a penalty was introduced. A line was marked across the pitch, 12 yards from the goal line. Any foul or handball inside that area incurred a penalty, and the penalty kick could be taken from any point along the 12 yard line (though why a player wouldn't just take it from the middle point is unclear).
The goal kick was also formalised. This is what the relevant 1891 'Laws' of football said:
"...the ball...shall be kicked off...within six yards of the goal-post nearest the point where the ball left the field of play."
The groundsman had to paint a line to mark the zone where the goal kick was allowed to be taken. The goal was 8 yards wide, and the goal kick had to be taken from within 6 yards of the nearest post. It's exactly the same as the locus question at the start of this blog (but using yards instead of metres). Have a go at sketching it.
The result is a double bulge, that reminds my children of something a bit rude.
But surely football didn't really do this?
Yes they did. Take a look at the photo at the top of this blog, taken at the 1901 FA Cup final between Tottenham Hotspur and Sheffield United. You can clearly make out the line of the bulging six yard area.
In 1902 the FA changed the Laws again, introducing the penalty spot and the 18 yard box, and the rectangular six yard box. The quirky curves of the six yard locus were consigned to footballing history.
